[187] Italy also declared war on the US. They finally joined the Axis when Germany offered them Greek territory in Thrace. [91] On 30 August 1940, as a result of the German-Italian arbitrated Second Vienna Award Romania had to cede Northern Transylvania to Hungary. In speculative literature, the Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II is a common subject in works of alternative history (fiction) and of counterfactual history (non-fiction) which examine public and private life in the lands conquered by the Axis powers — Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, the Kingdom of Italy — in the Second World War (1937-1945). The NDH remained a member of the Axis until the end of Second World War, its forces fighting for Germany even after its territory had been overrun by Yugoslav Partisans. [176] The Prime Minister throughout was General Milan Nedić. When the King of Italy ousted Mussolini from power and Italy capitulated, the NDH became completely under German influence. [119][120] Finland's relative independence from Germany put it in the most advantageous position of all the minor Axis powers. Prior to the German occupation within the area of Hungary around 63,000 Jews perished. However, many other nations around the world joined them. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Praeger Publishers, 1997. pp. Upon coming to power, Pavelić formed the Croatian Home Guard (Hrvatsko domobranstvo) as the official military force of the NDH. During the 1930s, because of traditional right-wing elements, Bulgaria drew closer to Nazi Germany. Bulgaria and Romania started on the side of the Axis Powers but ended up siding with the Allies by the end of the war. The Axis Powers: How A Handful Of Individuals Changed The World. Allied Powers, also called Allies, those nations allied in opposition to the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) in World War II. With this volume Terkel expanded his scope to the global and the historical, and the result is a masterpiece of oral history. “Tremendously compelling, somehow dramatic and intimate at the same time, as if one has stumbled on private ... The United Kingdom repeatedly called on Finland to cease its offensive against the Soviet Union, and declared war on Finland on 6 December 1941, although no other military operations followed. Germany had already resumed conscription and announced the existence of a German air force, the Luftwaffe, and naval force, the Kriegsmarine in 1935. In Fateful Choices Ian Kershaw re-creates the ten critical decisions taken between May 1940, when Britain chose not to surrender, and December 1941, when Hitler decided to destroy Europe’s Jews, showing how these choices would recast the ... [39] As a result, Italian and Japanese mobilization remained low, even by 1943. London, England: Routledge, 1939. p. 134. [9], Italy under Duce Benito Mussolini had pursued a strategic alliance of Italy with Germany against France since the early 1920s. These areas were ceded back to Burma and Malaya in 1945. [21], In June 1934, Hitler and Mussolini met for the first time, in Venice. Over 500,000 soldiers served on the Eastern Front. It would again become a world were soviet controlled the world politically and the USA controlled the world politically. Three nations made up the majority of the Axis powers: Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and fascist Italy. [16] Shortly after being appointed Chancellor, Hitler sent a personal message to Mussolini, declaring "admiration and homage" and declaring his anticipation of the prospects of German-Italian friendship and even alliance. The history of this alliance began in 1936 with the signing of a friendship treaty between Germany and Italy. When war erupted in Europe in 1939, the Kingdom of Romania was pro-British and allied to the Poles. [18] The Four Power Directorate proposal stipulated that Germany would no longer be required to have limited arms and would be granted the right to re-armament under foreign supervision in stages. Germany; Italy; Japan; Countries that were seized by, or at war with, Axis Powers before World War II. Axis & Allies - Classic (1914): World War I (Mike Iadarola) World War I is an Axis & Allies scenario that attempts to replicate the First World War on the Classic map. Austria; Ethiopia; Republic of China; Source: "World War 2 Countries." May 22, 1939 - September 2, 1945 Axis powers, coalition headed by Germany, Italy, and Japan that opposed the Allied powers in World War II. Their second common goal was the destruction of Soviet communism. Relations between Germany and Italy recovered due to Hitler's support of Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935, while other countries condemned the invasion and advocated sanctions against Italy. Found insideJohn Gooch's new history is the definitive account of Italy's war experience. The Axis powers, originally called the Rome-Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that fought in World War II against the Allies. Crucially, the USA and the [35], The wartime gross domestic product (GDP) of the Axis was $911 billion at its highest in 1941 in international dollars by 1990 prices. [101] Romania had also been a major power in the oil industry since the 1800s. See e.g.. Puppet states installed by the Axis Powers, see, e.g., Official position of wartime government was that they were a co-belligerent of the Axis against the USSR and United Kingdom during the. The United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union were the leaders of the Allied Powers, while Germany, Italy, and Japan were the elite of the Axis Powers. He sued for peace with Germany and on 22 June 1940, the French government concluded an armistice with Hitler and Mussolini, which came into effect at midnight on 25 June. [112][113] 13 warships escaped to Sweden and formed a Danish naval flotilla in exile. From occupied Singapore Bose declared India's independence on October 21, 1943 . [2][3] The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan. [156][157] Joseph Stalin later personally countered with a separate proposal in a letter on 25 November that contained several secret protocols, including that "the area south of Batum and Baku in the general direction of the Persian Gulf is recognized as the center of aspirations of the Soviet Union", referring to an area approximating present day Iraq and Iran, and a Soviet claim to Bulgaria. In Norway, under Reichskommissariat Norwegen, the Quisling regime, headed by Vidkun Quisling, was installed by the Germans as a client regime during the occupation, while king Haakon VII and the legal government were in exile. Slovakia invaded Poland alongside German forces, contributing 50,000 men at this stage of the war. According to the stipulation of the Tripartite Pact, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy were required to come to the defense of their allies only if they were attacked. Montenegro was an Italian dependency from 1941 to 1943 known as the Governorate of Montenegro that was under the control of an Italian military governor. The involvement of the Axis powers cemented an alliance between Franco and his fascist comrades. Southern Dobruja was ceded to Bulgaria in September 1940. Taking place primarily during the events of World War I and World War II, the story focuses on the Axis Powers and occasionally throws the . By contrast the Reichskommissariats established in the east (Reichskommissariat Ostland in the Baltics, Reichskommissariat Ukraine in the Ukraine) were established as colonies for settlement by Germans. Therefore, although the British reciprocated by declaring war on Thailand and considered it a hostile country, the United States did not. An estimated 120,000 people were interned in German-run concentration camps in Nedić's Serbia between 1941 and 1944. The Kingdom of Kampuchea was a short-lived Japanese puppet state that lasted from 9 March 1945 to 15 August 1945. The Second World War, Volume III, The Grand Alliance. After a series of agreements between Germany and Italy, Benito Mussolini, the dictator of Italy, made the proclamation that the line drawn between Berlin and Rome is not a simple line, but an "axis",. [24][23] Mussolini rapidly deployed several army divisions and air squadrons to the Brenner Pass, and warned that a German move against Austria would result in war between Germany and Italy. Bulgaria was allowed to keep Southern Dobruja, but had to give up all claims to Greek and Yugoslav territory. Drljevic was expelled from Montenegro in October 1941. But it has been decided. Quisling's name has become an international eponym for traitor. It became definite with the Pact of Steel in 1939. The three major Axis powers, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and the Japanese empire, referred to themselves as the " Rome - Berlin - Tokyo Axis." Hetalia Axis Powers takes these questions and runs with them, personifying countries into characters. The principal belligerents were the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the Allies—France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser extent, China. Most of the country was held by Italian forces, but strategic locations (Central Macedonia, the islands of the northeastern Aegean, most of Crete, and parts of Attica) were held by the Germans, who seized most of the country's economic assets and effectively controlled the collaborationist government. Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Romania joined the German-led invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941. The intention of the Fascist regime was to create a "New Roman Empire" in which Italy would dominate the Mediterranean. The countries that opposed the German-led Axis powers were known as the Allied powers. The United States stood at $1,094 billion, more than the Axis combined. These measures however did not prevent the Soviet Union from declaring war on Bulgaria on 5 September, and on 8 September the Red Army marched into the country, meeting no resistance. Most of them died, including many who were murdered outright after the end of the fighting as they were returning home. Japan took much of China. The Kingdom of Bulgaria was ruled by Тsar Boris III when it signed the Tripartite Pact on 1 March 1941. The world is currently swinging right into WW3. On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the US naval bases in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. [59] As tensions between Italy and France grew, Hitler made a major speech on 30 January 1939 in which he promised German military support in the case of an unprovoked war against Italy. [92] The entrance of German troops in Romania determined Italian dictator Benito Mussolini to launch an invasion of Greece, starting the Greco-Italian War. [115], Although Finland never signed the Tripartite Pact, it fought against the Soviet Union alongside Germany in the 1941-44 Continuation War, during which the official position of the wartime Finnish government was that Finland was a co-belligerent of the Germans who they described as "brothers-in-arms". [66], By early 1940, Italy was still a non-belligerent, and Mussolini communicated to Hitler that Italy was not prepared to intervene soon. Following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, the independence of Manchukuo was proclaimed on 18 February 1932, with Puyi as head of state. The Axis powers are the coalition of countries that fought against the allies during World War II . Soon after the battle, the German High Command announced that they would recognize the independence of a greater Albania. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Franco immediately offered to form a unit of military volunteers to join the invasion. The war ended in 1945 with the Axis powers losing and their alliances broken. Italy gave up first, six weeks after the Fascist Party removed Benito Mussolini from power. Tripartite Pact Text, Avalon Yale Project, Last Viewed: 22 November 2013The Tripartite Pact is Signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan, History.com, Last Viewed: 21 November 2013.An Alliance is Formed, Wake Forest University, Last Viewed 22 November 2013. The remaining troops of the INA maintained order in Rangoon after the withdrawal of Ba Maw's government. Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940. French control over Laos was re-asserted in 1946.[181]. [88][89] Days after the Szálasi government took power, the capital of Budapest was surrounded by the Soviet Red Army. The Axis grew out of the Anti-Comintern Pact, an anti-communist treaty signed by Germany and Japan in 1936. This is a new release of the original 1949 edition. The League of Nations later declared in 1934 that Manchuria lawfully remained a part of China. In 1939 the so called “Rome-Berlin Axis” turned into a military alliance and in 1940 with the Tripartite Pact they set their military aims. [121], Whilst Finland's relationship with Nazi Germany during the Continuation War remains controversial within Finland,[122] in a 2008 Helsingin Sanomat survey of 28 Finnish historians 16 agreed that Finland had been an ally of Nazi Germany, with only six disagreeing.[123]. That alliance became known as the Rome-Berlin Axis, named after Mussolini's speech. The puppet regime never commanded any real authority, and did not gain the allegiance of the people. This remarkable collection of essays is the result of an international conference of American, British, and Canadian scholars held at Memorial University of Newfoundland that marked the 50th anniversary of the historic meeting. [7] The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance. Prior to the invasion and annexation of Ethiopia into this united colony in 1936, Italy had two colonies, Eritrea and Somalia since the 1880s. In 1936 Spain was having a civil war. Chen Gongbo was tried and executed in 1946. Bulgaria wanted to avoid going to war with the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia so they resisted German pressure. Mengjiang vanished in 1945 following Japan's defeat in World War II. In 1940 Japan responded to the German invasion of France by occupying northern French Indochina. Get an answer for 'Name the Axis powers and their leaders and the Allied powers and their leaders during World War II.' and find homework help for other World War II questions at eNotes Originally authorized at 16,000 men, it grew to a peak fighting force of 130,000. [64] Japan sought to avoid war with the Soviet Union by signing a non-aggression pact with it in 1941. [57] Italy, like Germany, also justified its actions by claiming that Italy needed to territorially expand to provide spazio vitale ("vital space") for the Italian nation. Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Seventeen-year-old King Peter was declared to be of age. Mussolini was killed by Communist partisans on 28 April 1945 while trying to escape to Switzerland.[72]. H. James Burgwyn. In 1943 the Milice, a paramilitary force which had been founded by Vichy, was subordinated to the Germans and assisted them in rounding up opponents and Jews, as well as fighting the French Resistance. It is being sanctioned . Afterwards, in late 1944, 437,000 Jews were deported to Auschwitz-Birkenau, most of them to their deaths. University of Michigan Press, 1997. p. 109. Slovak troops joined the German invasion of Poland, having interest in Spiš and Orava. Libya was an Italian colony existing from 1912 to 1943. [46] At the same time Germany was preparing for a war with Poland and was secretly preparing the German minority in Poland for a war. In addition: Russia will definitely not side with the US and NATO. It was one of the largest producers in Europe and the Ploiești oil refineries provided about 30% of all Axis oil production. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the Bulgarian government declared war on the Western Allies. +1 definitions. Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies. These were Germany , Italy and the Empire of Japan , united by the Tripartite Pact, to which Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria later joined . also have led to Greece interfering with Romania’s oil fields which the Germans needed for their invasion plans. Aided by elements of the military, secret airfields and training camps were established, while American Office of Strategic Services and British Force 136 agents slipped in and out of the country. When the Japanese seized control of French Indochina, they allowed Vichy French administrators to remain in nominal control. [12] Meetings took place in Berlin in 1924 between Italian General Luigi Capello and prominent figures in the German military, such as von Seeckt and Erich Ludendorff, over military collaboration between Germany and Italy. The Germans recruited volunteers in units independent of Vichy. Thrillingly written and brilliantly researched, Beevor's grand and provocative account is destined to become the definitive work on this complex, tragic, and endlessly fascinating period in world history, and confirms once more that he is a ... In July 1940 after the German victory over France it was also decided that Germany would attack the Soviet Union as well. They were actively supported by Mussolini's Fascist regime in Italy, which gave the movement training grounds to prepare for war against Yugoslavia, as well as accepting Pavelić as an exile and allowing him to reside in Rome. 30–31. The Germans did not exert heavy control over Albania's administration, but instead attempted to gain popular appeal by giving their political partners what they wanted. [32], The Axis powers' primary goal was territorial expansion at the expense of their neighbors. The discussions concluded that Germans still wanted a war of revenge against France but were short on weapons and hoped that Italy could assist Germany. The result was Italy accepting the creation of a puppet regime with the support of Germany. The racial laws were enforced by the Ustaše militia. A number of pro-German Hungarians retreated to Italy and Germany, where they fought until the end of the war. Though Churchill defended his controversial decision to attack the French fleet, the action deteriorated greatly the relations between France and Britain. Axis. The Axis powers, also known as the Axis alliance, Axis nations, Axis countries, or just the Axis, was the alignment of nations that fought in the Second World War against the Allied forces. Stephen J. Lee. It had a Communist government at this time. Although the French had told Churchill they would not allow their fleet to be taken by the Germans, the British launched naval attacks intended to prevent the French navy being used, the most notable of which was the attack on the Algerian harbour of Mers el-Kebir on 3 July 1940. [35] Thus the Allied powers outnumbered the Axis powers by 2.7 to 1. As such their adherence to the Axis may have been less than that of Tripartite Pact signatories. Within nations occupied by the Axis Powers, some citizens, driven by nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-communism, anti-Semitism, or opportunism knowingly engaged in collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II. Some members of the Vichy government pushed for closer cooperation, but they were rebuffed by Pétain. In the 1930s an aggressive new colonialism developed on the part of the Axis Powers, which developed a new colonial doctrine ("living space" in German geopolitics, the "empire" in Italian Fascist ideology, the "co-prosperity sphere" in Japan) aiming at the repartition of the world's colonial areas, justified by the supposed racial superiority, higher birth rates, and . The pact was subsequently joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Slovakia (24 November 1940), and Bulgaria (1 March 1941). His National Socialist Movement formed a cabinet assisting the German administration, but was never recognized as a real Dutch government. The agreement, signed by President Risto Ryti but never ratified by the Finnish Parliament, bound Finland not to seek a separate peace. It was led by Subhas Chandra Bose, an Indian nationalist who rejected Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolent methods for achieving independence. The possibility of Spanish intervention in World War II was of concern to the United States, which investigated the activities of Spain's ruling Falange party in Latin America, especially Puerto Rico, where pro-Falange and pro-Franco sentiment was high, even amongst the ruling upper classes. At their height during World War II the Axis powers had an enormous empire that controlled vast parts of Europe, East and Southeastern Asia and Africa. Declarations of neutrality must be ignored". United States: One of the greatest presidents in the history of the United States, President . Various nominally-independent governments formed out of local sympathisers under varying degrees of German, Italian, and Japanese control were established within the territories that they occupied during the war. The exact number of victims of the Ustaše regime is uncertain due to the destruction of documents and varying numbers given by historians. Some of these governments declared themselves to be neutral in the conflict with the allies, or never concluded any formal alliance with the Axis powers, but their effective control by the Axis powers rendered them in reality an extension of it and hence part of it. [108] On April 9, Germany attacked Scandinavia, and the speed of the German invasion of Denmark prevented King Christian X and the Danish government from going into exile. Winston Churchill never trusted Hitler. Germany wanted to control its neighbors. Hostilities between the Iraqi and British forces began on 2 May 1941, with heavy fighting at the RAF air base in Habbaniyah. Initially the Ustaše had been heavily influenced by Italy. [152] The Soviet Union had been forced to cede the Kresy (Western Belarus and Western Ukraine) to Poland after losing the Soviet-Polish War of 1919–1921, and the Soviet Union sought to re-annex those territories.[153]. A State of Burma was formed on 1 August 1943 under the Burmese nationalist leader Ba Maw. The worsening situation for Japan from 1943 onwards meant that the Nanking Army was given a more substantial role in the defence of occupied China than the Japanese had initially envisaged. [37] The GDP of the Allied powers was $1,798 billion. Lewis Copeland, Lawrence W. Lamm, Stephen J. McKenna. Soon after, Emperor Bảo Đại voided the 1884 treaty with France and Trần Trọng Kim, a historian, became prime minister. This angered the British government. Horthy was forced to abdicate after German commandos, led by Colonel Otto Skorzeny, held his son hostage as part of Operation Panzerfaust. On 9 March 1945 the Japanese staged a military coup in Hanoi, and on 8 April they reached Luang Phrabang. At their zenith during World War II, the Axis powers presided over empires that occupied large parts of Europe, Africa, Asia, and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce Intelligenzaktion Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, IPN 2009. Choose from 500 different sets of axis powers world flashcards on Quizlet. In 1935–1936 Italy invaded and annexed Ethiopia and the Fascist government proclaimed the creation of the "Italian Empire". With the Italian capitulation of 1943, Montenegro came directly under the control of Germany. This was followed by the coup d'état of 9 September 1944, which brought a government of the pro-Soviet Fatherland Front to power. However, on 10 July 1941, Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim issued an Order of the Day that contained a formulation understood internationally as a Finnish territorial interest in Russian Karelia. Mussolini Unleashed, 1939–1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. [27] French and Italian military staff discussed possible military cooperation involving a war with Germany should Hitler dare to attack Austria. Under King Michael I and the military government of Antonescu, Romania signed the Tripartite Pact on November 23, 1940. Germany annexed Austria in 1938, the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia, and the Memel territory from Lithuania in 1939. [21] Göring claimed that Nazi domination of Austria was inevitable and that Italy should accept this, as well as repeating to Mussolini of Hitler's promise to "regard the question of the South Tyrol frontier as finally liquidated by the peace treaties". Romania was subsequently used as a platform for invasions of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Axis powers definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. In April 1941 Rashid Ali, on seizing power in a coup, repudiated the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 and demanded that the British abandon their military bases and withdraw from the country. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the Nazi regime's stance towards an independent, territorially-reduced Russia was affected by pressure beginning in 1942 from the German Army on Hitler to endorse a Russian army led by Andrey Vlasov. Manchukuo, in the northeast region of China, had been a Japanese puppet state in Manchuria since the 1930s. Japan's expansionist policies alienated it from other countries in the League of Nations and by the mid-1930s brought it closer to Germany and Italy, who had both pursued similar expansionist policies. Franco described Spain as a member of the Axis and signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941 with Hitler and Mussolini. The main Axis forces were Germany, Italy, and Japan. While Manchukuo ostensibly was a state for ethnic Manchus, the region had a Han Chinese majority. [50], Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 involved issues of lebensraum, anti-communism, and Soviet foreign policy. Parallel Free Thai organizations were also established in the United Kingdom. The First Indian National Army faltered after its leadership objected to being a propaganda tool for Japanese war aims, and the role of Japanese liaison office. Romanian troops then fought alongside the Soviet Army until the end of the war, reaching as far as Czechoslovakia and Austria. The Ustaše government applied racial laws on Serbs, Jews, Romani people, as well as targeting those opposed to the fascist regime, and after June 1941 deported them to the Jasenovac concentration camp or to German camps in Poland. The South Seas Mandate were territories granted to Japan in 1919 in the peace agreements of World War I, that designated to Japan the German South Pacific islands. The show takes a comedic and light approach to politics and historical events while educating the viewer. The Axis Powers were the three main belligerents in the Second World War: Italy, Germany, and Japan. Blackshirts: The paramilitary wing of the National Fascist Party in Italy and after 1923, an all-volunteer militia of the Kingdom of Italy. [62] Croatian separatism soared after the assassination of Croatian political leaders in the Yugoslav parliament in 1928 including the death of Stjepan Radić, and Italy endorsed Croatian separatist Ante Pavelić and his fascist Ustaše movement that was based and trained in Italy with the Fascist regime's support prior to intervention against Yugoslavia.[62]. The Nazis also aimed to occupy and colonize non-German territories in Poland, the Baltic states, and the Soviet Union, as part of the Nazi policy of seeking Lebensraum ("living space") in eastern Europe. The party promised to rebuild Germany as a major power and create a Greater Germany that would include Alsace-Lorraine, Austria, Sudetenland, and other German-populated territories in Europe. 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Or military policy, and the United Kingdom during 1942 senior military leadership unanimously opposed the action Italy. Losses at Stalingrad, Romanian mountain troops joined the guerrilla forces annexed Sudetenland. Serbia and operated from 29 August 1941 to reclaim territory from French Indochina 's Serbia between 1941 and War., eds.. D. C. Watt, `` Finland 's main objective was to act as a part the. Coined by Benito Mussolini, the Axis when the Japanese 60 ], Italy, and Japan became known the! From World War agreed to let them stay neutral and not use their for! Quisling 's name has become an international eponym for traitor the coalition of countries that opposed the deteriorated!
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